Ephesus, one of the most significant ancient cities in the Mediterranean, was originally founded by Ionian Greeks in the 10th century BC. However, its history dates back even further, as it was home to earlier civilizations, such as the Luwians and Mycenaeans, before the arrival of the Greeks. Over the centuries, Ephesus grew into a major city under various rulers, including the Lydians, Persians, and Romans, with each empire leaving its mark on the city.

The Founding of Ephesus

The original founding of Ephesus is attributed to Androclus, a prince of Athens, according to Greek mythology. Androclus is said to have led a group of Ionian colonists who settled in the region around the Cayster River (modern-day Küçük Menderes River) on the western coast of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). The city’s location near the Aegean Sea made it a prime spot for trade, contributing to its early growth.

Hellenistic and Roman Influence

Under Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC, Ephesus began to expand significantly. After his death, the city came under the control of Lysimachus, one of Alexander’s generals, who made significant efforts to improve the city’s infrastructure, moving it slightly to avoid flooding from the Cayster River. During this period, Ephesus became a leading cultural and commercial hub in the Hellenistic world.

However, it was during the Roman Empire that Ephesus reached its peak. In 129 BC, Ephesus became part of the Roman province of Asia, and its wealth, population, and significance grew even further. The Romans built iconic landmarks such as the Library of Celsus and the Temple of Hadrian, solidifying the city’s status as one of the largest and most impressive cities of the ancient world.

Major Milestones in Ephesus’s History:

• 10th Century BC: Founded by Ionian Greeks.
• 4th Century BC: Ephesus flourishes under Hellenistic influence, particularly under Lysimachus.
• 129 BC: Ephesus becomes part of the Roman Empire, marking the height of its prosperity.

Why Was Ephesus Built Where It Was?

Ephesus’s location near the Aegean Sea and the Cayster River made it a natural choice for trade and commerce. The city was connected to major Mediterranean and Asian trade routes, making it a bustling center for merchants. The area was also fertile, providing a strong agricultural base to support its growing population.

What Remains Today?

Today, visitors to Ephesus can explore the well-preserved ruins of this once-great city. The ruins include the Library of Celsus, Terrace Houses, the Great Theatre, and the Temple of Artemis (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World). These sites offer a glimpse into the grandeur of the city during its peak.

How to Visit Ephesus

For travelers interested in visiting the ancient city, Ephesus Tours offers a variety of guided tours that provide in-depth exploration of the ruins. You can choose from full-day tours, private tours, and even biblical-themed tours that highlight the city’s role in early Christianity.

Getting to Ephesus

Ephesus is located near the modern town of Selçuk, in Izmir Province, Turkey. The closest major city is Izmir, which is about 80 km (50 miles) away. Visitors can reach Ephesus by:

• Plane: Fly into Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport from Istanbul or other major cities, then take a bus or taxi to Selçuk.
• Train: Regular trains run from Izmir to Selçuk.
• Bus: Buses from Izmir and other nearby cities provide frequent service to Selçuk.